Thermal overheating and electro-osmosis are serious concerns when HVDC electrodes are operated in monopolar mode or are subject to important imbalance in bipolar mode. The MALZ computation module of the MultiGroundZ package can now compute the temperature rise of HVDC electrodes in uniform and two-layer soils in the steady-state limit, extending the capabilities already available for HVDC electrodes in the SESAmpacity tool. Results for ring-shaped electrodes and grids are presented. Due to the importance of convective effects at the air-soil boundary, the temperature rise is generically much smaller than the one computed using simplified formulas. This is illustrated in the figure below, where the temperature rise of four electrodes with radii of 25, 50, 100 and 200 meters are shown for a range of air/soil thermal conductivity ratios.
